Digestive System Structures -- To know for the lab practical
     KNOW epithelial linings AND layers of wall (including nerve plexuses)
                                                            BIOLOGY 2252:  James Adams
Wall structures:
        Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis (circular/longitudinal layers), adventitia/serosa
        Submucosal/myenteric nerve plexuses

I. Mouth (Oral, Buccal cavity) 
        Lips (labia, labial frenula)
        Cheeks
        Tongue (Lingual Frenulum)
        Teeth: Incisors, canines, premolars (bicuspids), molars
        Salivary glands: parotid, submandibular, sublingual
        Palate: hard/soft, with uvula

II. Pharynx (Throat)
        Oropharynx, with palatine tonsils
        Laryngopharynx

III. Esophagus: enters stomach at gastroesophageal (cardiac) sphincter 
        passageway through diaphragm -- hiatus

IV. Stomach: enters small intestine at pyloric sphincter
        Regions: cardia, fundus, body, pylorus
        Muscular layers: outer longitudinal, middle circular, and inner oblique
        Curvatures: greater and lesser
        Rugae

V. Small intestine: enters large intestine at ileocecal valve
        Regions: duodenum, jejunum, ileum
        Modifications: plicae circulares, villi, and microvilli
        Peyer's patches in end of ileum

VI. Large intestine (colon)
        Cecum and vermiform appendix
        Regions: ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid
        Flexures: hepatic (right colic), splenic (left colic)
        Haustra
        Teniae coli

VII. Rectum and Anus
        Rectal Valves
        Anal canal, with internal and external (anus) sphincters

X. Peritoneal Structures: know where these are
        Greater and lesser omenta, falciform ligament, mesocolon, mesentery

Accessory structures of small intestine:
VIII. Gall Bladder and Liver (four lobes)
        Ducts associated with bile secretion: hepatic, cystic, common bile
        Ligamentum teres (formerly umbilical vein) -- joins inferior VC in liver
        Hepatic portal vein
        Lobules, with triad, central veins, sinusoidal capillaries, bile canaliculi

IX. Pancreas -- head and tail
    Ducts associated with pancreatic secretions: pancreatic, accessory pancreatic,
        hepatopancreatic (common bile duct and pancreatic joined); this last
        controlled by hepatopancreatic sphincter (sphincter of Oddi), at juncture
        in proximal end of duodenum
    Acinus (plural acini)             (don't forget Islets [of Langerhans] here, too.)