NERVOUS SYSTEM STRUCTURES - To Know

The following is the list of structures you need to know for the lab practical. As much as possible, 
I have followed the order of presentation in the textbook.

Neuron structure and types:
        Cell bodies, dendrites, axons, terminals
Glial types:
        CNS -- astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes (myelin sheath), ependymal cells (CSF)
        PNS -- Schwann cells (myelin sheath w/ nodes of Ranvier), satellite cells (in DRG†)

VENTRICLES: Each has its own choroid plexus (patch of ependymal cells)

CEREBRUM - encloses lateral ventricles; cranial nerves I (olfactory) & II (optic) from here
      GENERALIZED FEATURES:
         Gyri -- precentral, postcentral
         Sulci -- central, lateral
         Fissures -- longitudinal, transverse
         Hemispheres
         Lobes -- frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, insula

    CORTICAL REGIONS (gray matter):
          Primary motor area (precentral gyrus), Primary somatosensory area (post-central 
            gyrus), premotor cortex, prefrontal cortex, visual (occipital) cortex, auditory cortex
        Association Areas 

    WHITE MATTER (tracts):
        Commissures -- corpus callosum, interthalamic adhesion* (see diencephalon below)
        Association and Projection fibers (tracts) -- decussation of pyramids
        Olfactory Bulbs and tracts
        Optic nerves/Optic chiasma

DIENCEPHALON -- two halves enclose third ventricle
     THALAMUS*: interthalamic adhesion represents commissure between two halves
     HYPOTHALAMUS: associated structures include mammillary bodies, infundibulum 
        (stalk) for pituitary gland
     EPITHALAMUS: pineal gland, choroid plexus (in roof of third ventricle)




BRAIN STEM  
    MIDBRAIN: Cerebral peduncles surrounding cerebral aqueduct (connects third and 
        fourth ventricles); corpora quadrigemina (four bodies), including the superior and 
        inferior colliculi; superior cerebellar peduncles9, cranial nerves III & IV from here
    PONS: middle cerebellar peduncles 9, cranial nerves V - VII
    MEDULLA OBLONGATA: inferior cerebellar penducles9, cranial nerves VIII - XII
        from here; decussation of pyramids

CEREBELLUM -- with pons and medulla, surround fourth ventricle
        Hemispheres connected by vermis; folia, lobes and fissures (don=t need to know specifics),
arbor vitae (cerebellar white matter), connections to all three brainstem regions by cerebellar
peduncles (see 9 above)

BRAIN COVERINGS:
      Meninges -- dura mater (periosteal and meningeal layers) with dural sinuses, arachnoid
            mater with arachnoid villi, pia mater
      Meningeal spaces -- subdural, subarachnoid

SPINAL CORD
    GENERALIZED FEATURES:
        Meninges (as around brain); with epidural space
        Conus medullaris, filum terminale, and cauda equina
        Cervical/lumbar enlargements
        Anterior median fissure/posterior median sulcus
        Central Canal (through gray commissure)

    GRAY MATTER:
        gray commissure; posterior horns (synapses with interneurons from sensory 
            neurons), lateral horns (in certain regions only; cell bodies of autonomic  
            motor neurons), anterior horns (cell bodies of somatic motor neurons)

    WHITE MATTER:
        posterior, lateral, anterior funiculi (columns; ascending [sensory] and descending [motor[)

    ROOTS and SPINAL NERVES:  pgs. 504-511
        ventral roots (motor neurons); dorsal roots (sensory neurons) and their ganglia† 
        (cell bodies of sensory neurons, with satellite cells surrounding the cell bodies), 
        dorsal and ventral rami, gray and white rami communicantes and sympathetic chain
        (paravertebral) ganglia (Chap. 14, pgs. 534 - 536)