Chemistry Study Sheet Answers:

1.  Matter:  Anything that takes up space and has mass.
                    Solid, liquid, gas.

2.  Atom:  Smallest particle (of an element) that has the properties of a specific element.
     Element:  Matter made up of atoms with a unique number of protons; in other words,
                    the number of protons (the ATOMIC number) defines the element.

3.  Molecule:  any two (or more) atoms bound together.
     Compound:  any two (or more) atoms of different elements bound together.

4.  C, H, O, N.

Matching:
5.  C
6.  N, C, and O
7.  I
8.  Fe
9.  Ca
10.  O

11.  Ion:  atom or molecule with a charge; cations are positively charged.

12.  protons; neutrons

13.  negatively; equal to

14.  19; 19; 19

15.  Isotopes: atoms of same element with different atomic masses (different numbers of neutrons).
        8; 6

16.  39

Matching:
17. R
18. S
19. E
20. D

21. C;  glucose, fats, and protein

22.  Solvent; in joints

Matching:
23.  B
24.  A
25.  C

26.  A (4)

27.  B

28.  100; more

29.  weak

30.  removed (dehydration synthesis); 1

31.  added (hydrolysis); 2

32.  Differences between     RNA      &       DNA
            5-C sugar               ribose               deoxyribose
            nitrogenous bases    uracil                thymine     
            strands                    one                   two (double helix)
                (of nucleotides)

Matching:
33.  C
34.  D
35.  B
36.  A
37.  A

38.  T
39.  T

40.  Polarity:  charge difference from one end (side) to the other (in molecules, due to differences in electronegativity
       Electronegativity:  An atom's ability to attract electrons; an atom that attracts electrons strongly has a high electronegativity.
       Valence:  Outer shell of electrons around the nucleus of an atom.
       Ions have a net charge; polar molecules have an uneven distribution of charge (a positive "end" and a negative "end") but
            not a net charge (necessarily).

41.   Lots of examples of all of these bonds will be given in class and are discussed in the text.
        Covalent bond:  shared pair of electrons
                Non-polar:  electrons are shared equally (due to equal electronegativities)
                Polar:  electrons shared unequally (due to different electronegativities)
        Ionic:  bond between ions, due to the opposite charges on the ions (no sharing of electrons)
        Hydrogen bonds:  weaker than the others, this is a charge attraction between a (positively charged end of a) hydrogen in a polar bond in one molecule, and a negatively charged end of a bond in another.  Found between water molecules, within proteins, within nucleic acids, etc.

42.  Remember:  "Like dissolves like" (polar dissolves polar, non-polar dissolves non-polar)
        Hydrophilic:  likes water (typically means polar or charged when it comes to molecules).
        Hydrophobic:  doesn't "like" water (typically means non-polar [likes lipids])

43.  See questions 30 and 31.
        Basically, almost all types of organic molecules can be assembled by dehydration synthesis, and broken down by hydrolysis.

44.  Self explanatory.
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For Biology 2212 (Anatomy and Physiology) only:
45.  Solution:  Homogeneous mixture that doesn't settle out; in the body, plasma, saliva, sweat, urine would be examples.
                            These tend to be clear (salt water and air would be other examples).
                Know the concept of: Solvents (the dissolver) and Solutes (what is dissolved)
       Colloids:  Heterogeneous mixture that doesn't settle out; in the body, cytosol (cytoplasm) and the matrix of many C.T.'s are examples.
                    Sol -- liquid colloid
                    Gel -- (semi)solid colloid
        Suspension:  Heterogeneous mixture that will settle (if not moved); whole blood is an example.